Onnit Total Human Review

Can these day and night supplement packs help you optimize your health? Can they replace your multivitamin?

by
Last updated: Feb 21st, 2024
Innerbody is independent and reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we will earn commission.   .
Onnit Total Human Review Box

Photo by Innerbody Research

If you’re one of the 58% of U.S. adults taking dietary supplements to fill in the gaps of a common “energy-rich, nutrient-poor” diet, then you may have wondered if your vitamin is doing enough for you. With so many options on the market, choosing the right one for your optimal health can be difficult. And many companies have begun offering “all-in-one” supplements that aim to provide you with more than what you might find in a typical supplement or multivitamin.

One such product is Total Human from the health and wellness brand Onnit. With a host of herbal ingredients, adaptogens, nootropic ingredients, and more, is this supplement really better than a multivitamin?

Our comprehensive review examines Total Human’s ingredients, safety, cost, and convenience to help you determine if it’s a good fit for you.

Our Findings

Editor's Rating3.90

Onnit Total Human acts more like a sample pack of the company’s most popular products than it does a multivitamin alternative. Most of the ingredients in each supplement have decent research showing their potential to be beneficial in one way or another, even if the doses in Total Human aren’t quite at the levels that showed effectiveness in studies. Even so, Total Human could be a good option for those looking to boost their daily regimen with unique ingredients. And we appreciate Onnit’s 15% subscription discount, generous money-back guarantee, and the testing done on each supplement lot to ensure safety and potency.

Pros

  • Produced in cGMP-certified facilities and tested for quality and safety
  • 7-day trial pack available to try it first
  • Individual day and night supplement packs are convenient
  • Subscription plans have flexible delivery options and take 15% off
  • Costs less than purchasing each supplement separately
  • Shipping is free over $100 (making it free for all options but the trial pack)
  • Generous “Keep-It” money-back guarantee on your first purchase

Cons

  • Day Pack contains shellfish, and Night Pack contains both shellfish and fish
  • Testing is performed in-house instead of through an independent third-party
  • No customization available
  • Can become costly over time, even with a subscription

Purchase options

You can buy Total Human directly from the Onnit website or its store on Amazon. We recommend buying from Onnit itself. Though the 7-day sample size via Amazon could save you on shipping costs, that sampler isn’t a compelling value when Onnit protects your purchases so thoroughly with its money-back guarantee (not even requiring that you return the product). For best value on a 30-day supply or to subscribe, go directly to Onnit, where you save 15% when you subscribe. You only save 10% by subscribing via Amazon, meaning you'll save $7 more each month if you buy from Onnit. (The only way to unlock a 15% subscription discount via Amazon is if you include five or more products for auto-delivery in the same order.)

Jump to

Jump to:

Why you should trust us

Over the past two decades, Innerbody Research has helped tens of millions of readers make more informed decisions involving staying healthy and living healthier lifestyles.

For this review of Onnit Total Human, our team pored over dozens of studies involving each and every ingredient in the supplement packs to determine if the product is safe and whether or not the company’s claims hold water. Our testers purchased and tried Total Human for themselves, and they spoke at length with customer service representatives to learn more about the supplement and evaluate the customer experience as a whole.

Additionally, like all health-related content on this website, this review was thoroughly vetted by one or more members of our Medical Review Board for accuracy.

How we evaluated Onnit Total Human

To evaluate Total Human, we considered several things that we felt were most important to consumers. Generally, most people would like their vitamins or supplements to be beneficial to their health, safe to take, cost-effective, and (as a bonus) convenient to stick with. With that in mind, our criteria for Total Human became effectiveness, safety, cost, and convenience.

Effectiveness

Rating: 7.6 / 10

Onnit Total Human contains a collection of ten popular Onnit supplements divided into a Day Pack and Night Pack:

  • StronBONE
  • Alpha BRAIN
  • Krill Oil
  • Total Human B Complex
  • Shroom TECH Sport
  • Spirulina & Chlorella
  • Shroom TECH Immune
  • New MOOD
  • ViruTech
  • Key Minerals

While many of the ingredients found in these supplements show promise in what they're intended to do, a majority are in lower amounts than the effective doses found in studies. This issue is partly due to the fact that all but three supplements in Total Human are provided at half the recommended serving size of what you’d take if you purchased those supplements individually.

As an example, normally, the recommended serving of Alpha BRAIN is two capsules — and, when taken this way, a handful of its ingredient amounts are similar to what’s been used in studies. For instance, a whole, two-pill serving of Alpha BRAIN contains 400mcg (0.4mg) of Huperzine A, and an ideal average daily dose, as found in a systematic review, is 370mcg (0.37mg). In Total Human, the Alpha BRAIN serving is halved, making the Huperzine A dose 200mcg.

By trying to be everything, Total Human risks not doing enough in many ways. Time and time again, we found that the ingredients didn’t quite meet the amounts studies showed to be effective.

We don’t feel that Onnit’s claim of Total Human being “better than a multivitamin” tracks in its current form. However, it could provide a nice boost on multiple fronts alongside your daily multivitamin if you’re interested in adding some botanicals, adaptogens, and nootropics to your regimen — as long as you speak with your doctor first to ensure you’re not taking too much of any particular vitamin, mineral, or other ingredient.

If you’re looking for an “upgraded” multivitamin, then Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite may be a good alternative. It’s about half the daily capsules (still split into night and day) for significantly more vitamin and mineral content, plus a few other ingredients, like botanical extracts and carotenoids (a natural pigment and antioxidant). And if you’re interested in something completely tailored to your body’s needs, then Viome could be an ideal option for you.

Safety

Rating: 8.5 / 10

With over ten different supplements in Total Human, each with its own formula of various ingredients, it’s important to speak with your doctor before adding all (or any) of them to your daily regimen. Some dietary supplements aren’t safe for people with certain medical conditions, or they can interfere with or alter how some prescription medications work.

For example, those with kidney disease should avoid getting additional vitamins A, E, and K, meaning that Onnit’s StronBONE supplement in Total Human could be unsafe. And the curcumin content from Shroom TECH Immune’s turmeric may lead to some antidepressants not working as intended.

Potential medical interactions aside, Onnit’s supplements are manufactured in facilities that are compliant with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). And all Onnit supplements are tested in-house for safety and potency. However, we’d prefer to see the company use independent third parties due to the potential for bias, but any testing is better than none.

In comparison, Thorne also uses its in-house laboratories, while competitors Viome and Care/of utilize independent third parties to conduct their testing.

Cost

Rating: 7.9 / 10

The cost of Total Human is an interesting factor to consider. These supplement packs are definitely more expensive than your typical multivitamin, but it does cost less to purchase Total Human than all of the individual supplements involved. Even though most of the supplements’ servings are cut in half, it’s still less expensive.

For example, a one-time purchase of a 30-day supply of Total Human is $137.95, but a quick calculation of a 30-day supply of each included supplement (considering the halved servings) puts your total cost over $200. So, if you’re interested in trying all of Onnit’s most popular supplements, this could be a good way to save money — especially if you sign up for a subscription to take 15% off each order. With a subscription, that 30-day supply becomes $117.26 instead of $137.95.

In comparison, a 30-day supply of Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite is $70 (or $74 if you opt for the NSF Certified for Sport version). Thorne’s subscription deal isn’t as good as Onnit’s, however. It’s 10% on each refill order — it can’t be applied to the initial purchase.

For customizable alternatives, vitamin packs from competitor Care/of start as low as $7 per month for certain minerals and letter vitamins, and Viome’s tailored vitamin subscription is $139 per month (or $118.15 for your first six months with code INNERBODY15).

Convenience

Rating: 8.5 / 10

Total Human’s convenience is mainly due to how its 16 total pills are divided into Day Packs and Night Packs. Compared to having to get these supplements out of ten different bottles, the packets are certainly more welcome. However, our testers felt that having to take 16 pills every day (eight in the morning and eight at night) was far too much, especially if they already needed to take other pills — like prescribed medications — at the same time.

It’s not uncommon for these types of supplements to require several pills daily, but 16 per day is one of the highest numbers we’ve seen companies ask customers to take.

In comparison to a few competitors:

  • Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite requires three capsules in the morning and three at night.
  • Care/of’s customizable vitamin packs leave the serving sizes up to you.
  • Viome’s tailored supplements require about eight pills per day.

It’s worth noting that all of Total Human’s supplements are the exact same size (except for the smaller Krill Oil). Our testers found them easy enough to take; the pills are fairly standard in size.

Onnit Tota Human Review Pills

Photo by Innerbody Research

Ordering Total Human from Onnit is straightforward, and the subscription option with automatic delivery offers additional convenience. The company’s return policy is also nice — the “Keep-It” guarantee allows you to keep your first-time purchase of a product and get your money back. However, a refund for Total Human requires that you try the product for 30 days first (you could just hold on to the product and wait for the necessary time to pass, though).

Care/of and Thorne both have similarly flexible refund policies, with the former having a 30-day guarantee and the latter having a 60-day one. Viome’s supplements are tailored specifically to you, so no returns are accepted; there’s no trying the supplements to see if you like them first.

What is Onnit Total Human?

Total Human, from the health and wellness brand Onnit, is an assortment of the company’s supplements divided into twice-daily packets that you take in the morning and at night. The packs don’t contain every Onnit supplement, but there are a few of the brand’s most popular creations, including its flagship product, Alpha BRAIN. The supplements contain a mixture of vitamins, minerals, herbal ingredients, adaptogens, and other nutrients (like omega-3s).

The ten Onnit supplements included in Total Human are:

  • StronBONE
  • Alpha BRAIN
  • Krill Oil
  • Total Human B Complex
  • Shroom TECH Sport
  • Shroom TECH Immune
  • Spirulina & Chlorella
  • New MOOD
  • ViruTech
  • Key Minerals

Onnit states that Total Human is “not a magic pill,” but it is “better than a multivitamin” due to its “powerful, clinically-studied ingredients.” To check the legitimacy of this claim, we checked out the research behind said ingredients and compiled our findings further below, under the section, “Does Total Human work?”

Insider Tip: It’s worth noting that Onnit’s supplements are far from the only ones with ingredients that have been examined through research and clinical studies. For example, the popular supplement brand Nature Made has had its products used in 143 clinical trials (at the time of this review).

Like all supplements from Onnit, Total Human is manufactured in a cGMP-compliant facility and tested in-house for safety and efficacy. While any testing is appreciated, we would prefer to see testing conducted by an independent third party — especially since the FDA doesn’t regulate supplements (but they will get involved if people are in danger from a supplement).

Onnit online reviews

On the Better Business Bureau website, Onnit is not accredited, has a D- rating, and the company’s current review score is 1 out of 5 stars. However, this page has very little information and is not very helpful for forming an opinion about the company; the review score is based on a single customer rating. And, in terms of complaints, there have only been two within the past twelve months (neither of which have been replied to by Onnit).

Both complaints are from people who experienced adverse effects from Onnit supplements, one of whom took Total Human. However, everyone responds differently to various supplements, so you won’t necessarily have an issue because someone else did.

Now, Onnit’s Trustpilot page provides a lot more information. Compared to the BBB’s single review, Onnit’s claimed Trustpilot profile has 15,775 — all culminating in a 2.8 out of 5 rating labeled “Average.” Over 75% of the reviews are 5-star, and only 7% total are 1- and 2-star. Most negative reviews are about subscription confusion or the products not working for some people.

Who is Onnit Total Human for?

In its current state, we feel that Total Human is most ideal for those who are interested in trying several popular Onnit supplements all at once for a reduced price. It could also be a good option for people who want to supplement their daily multivitamin with omega-3s, herbal ingredients, adaptogens, nootropics, and more. Of course, we recommend speaking with your doctor before adding any new supplements to your daily regimen — even more so when you consider the fact that taking Total Human means taking ten new supplements.

Onnit’s marketing for Total Human is that it’s “better” or “more” than a typical multivitamin, but it’s more like Total Human is different than a multivitamin. As we discuss under “How does Total Human work?” it doesn’t have more vitamin and mineral content than your average multivitamin, though it has some unique ingredients intended for specific purposes. Those unique ingredients may be just what you need, or you could fare better with a typical multivitamin.

That being said, if your hunt for a “better” multivitamin is due to a nutritional deficit or simply wanting to boost your vitamin and mineral intake, an alternative like Viome or Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite may be a better option.

Is Total Human safe?

Onnit Total Human should be safe for most adults who aren’t pregnant or breastfeeding. None of the ingredient doses in any of the supplements reach unsafe levels, but some could interact with medications. For example, ashwagandha may interact with anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and sedatives, as well as medications for diabetes, high blood pressure, and thyroid conditions. Because of this potential for interactions, it’s best to speak with your doctor first before trying Total Human.

In terms of how Onnit manufactures Total Human, all of the company’s supplements are produced in facilities compliant with current Good Manufacturing Practices. And, while we’d prefer to see supplements tested by independent third parties, Onnit does test its supplements in-house for potency and safety.

Total Human vs. multivitamins

In 2021, roughly 40% of U.S. adults reported eating less than one serving of fruit per day, with about 21% saying the same about vegetables. While supplementation isn’t a substitute for a healthy diet, it can help to fill in the gaps.

Multivitamins are used by one-third of all U.S. adults, and their sales equated to about $8 billion in 2020 alone. But can an “all-in-one” supplement pack like Onnit’s Total Human provide more benefits than your typical multivitamin?

Unfortunately, the answer to that question won’t be the same for everyone; it will vary case by case according to each person’s unique response. Some people may try Total Human and find that it helps them feel better than any multivitamin ever has, while others could experience the complete opposite — and others still may find that neither option does anything for them or that both help equally as much. As with prescription medications, everyone responds differently to supplements.

The answer also depends on what your supplementation goals are. For example, if you’re one of the 35% of adults in the U.S. with a vitamin D deficiency, then Total Human might not provide enough to suit your needs. It does contain 12.5mcg (60% of your Daily Value), but a less-expensive multivitamin can often get you a lot more — all of our top picks for the best men’s multivitamins provide at least 100% of your Daily Value.

However, a typical multivitamin doesn’t include the variety of herbal ingredients and adaptogens you’ll find in Total Human. For example, in a multivitamin, you won’t usually see ingredients like ashwagandha, Rhodiola, and valerian — all of which have some evidence suggesting anxiety relief.

Onnit Total Human ingredients

Besides the Total Human B Complex in the Day Pack, the various supplements included in the Onnit Total Human packs aren’t brand-new creations from the company — each pack is actually a collection of supplements already for individual sale from Onnit.

However, most of the servings in both the Day Pack and Night Pack are halved from what’s recommended on each supplement’s bottle if purchased separately. The only ones that reach their whole recommended serving after taking both packs are Krill Oil, Shroom TECH Immune, and Spirulina & Chlorella. This may be due to Onnit wanting to prevent consumers from getting too much of a vitamin or mineral, but there isn’t enough overlap between the nutrients in each supplement to warrant this. For instance, even though the Day Pack includes 7,790% of your Daily Value of vitamin B12, it’s a water-soluble vitamin — this means that your body will flush out any excess in your urine.

Whatever Onnit’s reason may be for halving most of the servings, this could lead to any potential benefits from these supplements being less pronounced.

With that aside, below, you can find a breakdown of the ingredients in each pack, including the doses.

Total Human Day Pack

Onnit Total Human Review Day Pack

Photo by Innerbody Research

The Onnit Total Human Day Pack includes seven supplements across eight total pills:

  • StronBONE (one capsule)
  • Alpha BRAIN (one capsule)
  • Krill Oil (one softgel)
  • Total Human B Complex (one capsule)
  • Shroom TECH Sport (one capsule)
  • Spirulina & Chlorella (two capsules)
  • Shroom TECH Immune (one capsule)
Onnit Total Human Review Day Pack Supplement Facts

Photo by Innerbody Research

StronBONE

Intended to promote bone health, this supplement comprises vitamin E (22mg or 33.3IU), vitamin K2 (30mcg), copper (667mcg), manganese (667mcg), potassium (26mg), strontium (226mg), BioPerine (1.67mg), and boron (50mcg).

Alpha BRAIN

Onnit claims this supplement can boost your memory, focus, mental processing, and more. Besides vitamin B6 (5mg) and cat’s claw bark extract (175mg), this supplement contains three trademarked blends.

Onnit Flow Blend (325mg) contains L-tyrosine, L-theanine, oat extract, and phosphatidylserine; Onnit Focus Blend (120mg) has alpha GPC (69.8mg), bacopa extract (50mg), and Huperzia serrata extract (200mcg); and Onnit Fuel Blend (30mg) is only two ingredients: L-leucine and pterostilbene.

Krill Oil

This supplement contains 500mg of krill oil per capsule, which is made up of phospholipids (225mg), omega-3 fatty acids (120mg), and astaxanthin (100mcg). The omega-3 has 65mg of EPA and 30mg of DHA. And to mask any fishy taste, Onnit includes a bit of vanilla flavoring using the inactive ingredient ethyl vanillin (the primary component of the vanilla bean).

Krill Oil is not safe for those with shellfish allergies.

Total Human B Complex

As its name suggests, this supplement is focused on B vitamins. A single-pill serving comprises thiamine (1.5mg), riboflavin (1.7mg), folate (400mcg DFE), biotin (300mcg), pantothenic acid (10mg), and vitamin B1 derivative (150mg).

Shroom TECH Sport

Intended for cellular energy and cardiovascular support, this supplement has vitamin B12 (187mcg), chromium (50mcg), and the Onnit Performance Blend (532mg). The blend is where the “Shroom” is found; it’s made up of cordyceps extract, whole cordyceps, ashwagandha extract, green tea extract, Rhodiola extract, and astragalus extract.

Spirulina & Chlorella

The simplest of the supplements included in Total Human, Spirulina & Chlorella contains just that — organic spirulina (500mg) and organic chlorella (500mg).

Shroom TECH Immune

Another inclusion from Onnit’s Shroom TECH series of supplements, this entry is meant to help with immune defense and cellular integrity. This is the only inclusion in Total Human that’s only made up of blends (two, to be exact) and no individually listed active ingredients.

The Onnit Myco-Immune Blend (500mg) contains organic chaga, astragalus extract, organic Agaricus blazei, organic cordyceps, organic Coriolus versicolor, organic reishi, organic maitake, and organic shiitake. The other blend, Onnit Nutri-Immune Blend (202mg), has turmeric extract, ginger extract, oregano extract, lemon peel extract, and BioPerine.

If you’re interested in taking some of Total Human’s ingredients but not all of them, then Care/of could be a good option. It offers customizable vitamin packs where you can choose many similar supplements, such as:

  • Omega-3s (fish oil and vegan)
  • Astaxanthin
  • Chromium
  • Adaptogenic mushrooms
  • Rhodiola
  • Ashwagandha
  • Turmeric

Total Human Night Pack

Onnit Total Human Review Night Pack

Photo by Innerbody Research

In the Night Pack (six supplements spread across eight pills), there are a few supplements that are the same as in the Day Pack:

  • Shroom TECH Immune (one capsule)
  • Spirulina & Chlorella (two capsules)
  • Krill Oil (one softgel)

The duplicate supplements in the Night Pack have the exact same serving sizes and ingredient amounts as those in the Day Pack. Because of this, the chart below only covers the supplements that are unique to the Total Human Night Pack:

  • New MOOD (one capsule)
  • ViruTech (one capsule)
  • Key Minerals (two capsules)

Several ingredients in the Night Pack are intended to promote better sleep, recovery, and stress relief, similar to those found in Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite PM Formula. For example, one inclusion in Thorne’s supplement is Relora, a proprietary blend of magnolia and Phellodendron (not to be confused with philodendron). Studies on this blend have found Relora to lower cortisol levels and perceived daily stress while boosting participants’ moods.

Onnit Total Human Review Night Pack Supplement Facts

Photo by Innerbody Research

New MOOD

On the supplement’s product page, Onnit describes New MOOD as a way to “support a normal daily stress response.” While a blend is included, most of the ingredients and their amounts are listed (which we always appreciate). This supplement comprises vitamin D (12.5mcg or 500IU), niacin (15mg NE), vitamin B6 (10mg), magnesium (20mg), L-tryptophan (200mg), and 5-Hydroxytryptophan (75mg).

The included blend, Onnit Tranquility Blend (225mg), is made up of valerian root extract, chamomile extract, lemon balm extract, and jujube extract.

ViruTech

This supplement is intended to support your immune system and fight free radicals via antioxidants. While not as small as the ingredients list for Spirulina & Chlorella, ViruTech only includes three individual ingredients and one blend. It has vitamin C (250mg), zinc (6mg), and selenium (75mcg).

The Onnit Vitality Blend (445mg) contains L-lysine, quercetin dihydrate, and alpha lipoic acid.

Key Minerals

Though it’s not obvious from its name, Key Minerals contains fish and shellfish due to the inclusion of organic kelp. This means that, technically, it doesn’t have actual fish and shellfish ingredients, per se, but the kelp likely came in contact with fish and shellfish, so this supplement is still best avoided by those with allergies.

There are no proprietary blends in this supplement, and the ingredients include calcium (250mg), iodine (25mcg), magnesium (125mg), molybdenum (150mcg), and boron (2mg).

How does Total Human work?

Onnit Total Human Review Box Back

Photo by Innerbody Research

When investigating whether or not a supplement can potentially work, we usually focus on two main points: the ingredients and their amounts. These are equally important, and can either make or break a supplement’s potential. For example, an ingredient in a supplement could have some beneficial properties, but its amount is too small to really do anything for you.

Speaking of ingredients, when reading a product’s Supplement Facts, it’s important to know that manufacturers are required to list ingredients from largest to smallest based on their weight or concentration. The same applies to blends; even if the components aren’t listed individually, this lets us know which ingredients make up the majority of a given blend.

In the case of each Onnit supplement included in Total Human, we’ll cover the individually listed ingredients and a few components in each blend (where applicable).

StronBONE

Designed to promote bone health, this supplement’s ingredients are a mix of vitamins, minerals, and a couple of trace elements (strontium and boron, which show some potential to benefit bone health).

Its main ingredient, vitamin E, in the form of D-alpha-Tocopherol or αTF, was once thought to negatively affect bone formation. However, more recent research suggests a positive impact on bone health, particularly bone mineral density. Some researchers feel that the adverse effects once seen (mainly in animal models) were due to particularly high doses of αTF. As long as the dose isn’t too high — and StronBONE’s 22mg is around half or less than the doses used in older studies — then it should be safe.

The other vitamin and mineral ingredients — vitamin K, copper, manganese, and potassium — are all known by health experts to play essential roles in maintaining bone health, formation, and strength. According to the National Institutes of Health, most people get enough vitamin K, copper, and manganese from their diets. Potassium intakes, on the other hand, are often below the recommended amounts. Because of this, we wish StronBONE provided more than 1% DV.

That 1% is more than the 0% found in Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite, though Thorne’s formula contains more boron, copper, manganese, and vitamin K than StronBONE.

Alpha BRAIN

The most prominent ingredient in Alpha BRAIN is vitamin B6, which aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate. Glutamate, in particular, is important for mood regulation, memory, and cognition. And vitamin B6 (along with folate and B12) could lower homocysteine levels in the blood, which may slow the rate of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Similarly, cat’s claw (a plant extract) shows potential in mice and rats as a “plaque and tangle inhibitor,” which could help with memory loss and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s patients. More research on human efficacy and safety is needed, though.

Now, let’s review the potential benefits of some ingredients in the three Alpha BRAIN blends. Of course, without knowing the exact amounts of every ingredient, it can be difficult to determine the full potential of each blend.

L-Tyrosine and L-theanine

These amino acids may be able to make task-switching easier, improve short-term memory when under stress, and improve cognitive function.

Phosphatidylserine

This substance is a phospholipid naturally found in your brain that forms most of the myelin sheath to protect your brain’s nerve cells and help them communicate. The amount of natural phosphatidylserine in your body decreases as you age, so supplementation may be beneficial. Around 300-800mg appears to be the effective dose for slowing or stopping nerve cell deterioration, so there’s likely not enough in Total Human.

Alpha GPC

This is a natural choline compound found in the brain that may be able to boost motivation in healthy individuals at daily doses of around 400mg (about six times the dose in Total Human).

Bacopa monnieri extract

This plant, also known as Brahmi or Waterhyssop, has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries as a treatment for memory improvement, epilepsy, anxiety, and insomnia. Most studies have been on animals or human cells, but there have been a few human trials. A 2014 meta-analysis of 437 human subjects across nine trials found improved cognition and quicker reaction time.

Huperzia serrata extract

More research on efficacy and long-term safety is needed, but Huperzine A (a compound found in Huperzia serrata) may improve memory and protect nerve cells. Huperzine A inhibits acetylcholinesterase, making it similar to some drugs prescribed for Alzheimer’s. However, experts don’t know enough about Huperzine A to know if it’s a safe natural alternative.

L-Leucine

More research with humans is necessary, but in studies on mice, l-leucine appears to promote the regeneration of axons.

Additionally, researchers tested Alpha BRAIN in a couple of clinical studies funded by Onnit. One study, published initially in 2015 and then again in 2016, found the supplement seemingly enhanced verbal memory and, when compared with a placebo group, treated individuals “significantly improved on tasks of delayed verbal recall and executive functioning.”

However, a separate 2018 study examined the mood, stress, and marksmanship of 43 active-duty U.S. soldiers and found no significant difference between the treated participants and the placebo group.

Krill Oil

In the most basic sense, krill oil is one of several alternatives to fish oil for people who want to get some extra omega-3s in their diet; it can be an excellent choice for people who can’t stomach the fishy aftertaste of fish oil supplements.

Krill oil also contains an antioxidant called “astaxanthin,” which gives krill their red coloring. More research is needed on astaxanthin, but it appears to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers at doses between 1.8mg and 21.6mg per day. It also may improve cognitive function in older adults when administered 6mg-12mg of astaxanthin daily.

Unfortunately, Total Human only contains 200mcg (100mcg in each krill oil supplement, taken twice per day). Most krill oil supplements don’t have huge amounts of astaxanthin, though. Our top pick for krill oil supplements, NatureMyst Krill Oil, only has 1.5mg — and that’s one of the highest amounts we came across (this is still over seven times the amount in Total Human, however).

Astaxanthin aside, the main reason most people take krill oil is to supplement their omega-3 intake. Onnit’s Krill Oil contains eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which can potentially improve your health and wellness in various ways, particularly your cholesterol, cardiovascular health, and brain health.

If you’re looking for a vegan alternative to krill oil or even just an astaxanthin supplement, then Care/of offers both options.

Total Human B Complex

As suggested by its name, Total Human B Complex is a combination of several B vitamins with the addition of benfotiamine (a vitamin B1 derivative). This supplement contains 100% or more of your Daily Value for all included B vitamins.

Thiamine (B1)

Thiamine plays an important role in transforming the food you eat into energy for your body. Because of this, it also aids in cell function, growth, and development.

Riboflavin (B2)

Like thiamine, riboflavin aids in proper cell function, but it also helps your body to metabolize fats and drugs.

Folate (B9)

Folate — not to be confused with folic acid, a different form of B9 — is necessary for your cells to divide and for your body to create DNA.

Biotin (B7)

Mostly found in protein, biotin is an essential nutrient that your body needs to metabolize amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids.

Pantothenic acid (B5)

As with other B vitamins, pantothenic acid helps your body break down food into energy. It also aids in both breaking down and synthesizing fats.

Benfotiamine (B1 derivative)

Benfotiamine is a synthetic or lab-made form of thiamine with better bioavailability. It appears to be well-tolerated by humans in studies, and suggested benefits include reduction of oxidative stress and prevention of cell damage. It may also have the potential for the protection against and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, but larger studies are necessary.

Both Thorne and Care/of offer vitamin B options as alternatives. Multi-Vitamin Elite offers around double the amount of Total Human’s B vitamin doses, while Care/of also includes niacin, inositol, and B6 in its B-Complex.

Shroom TECH Sport

All of the mushroom ingredients in Onnit’s Shroom TECH supplements are housed in blends, but the two non-mushroom ingredients in Shroom TECH Sport are listed separately, and they are:

  • Vitamin B12: Similar to folate, vitamin B12 aids your body in the production of DNA. It also helps keep your blood and nerve cells working properly.
  • Chromium: Experts no longer feel this mineral is essential for good health, and they aren’t entirely sure what it does to the body. Chromium might help you to metabolize protein, carbs, and fats, but more research is needed.

In the Onnit Performance Blend, all of the ingredients have at least a small clinical study or two suggesting they may benefit athletic performance. For example, cordyceps appears to improve exercise performance (in older adults) and tolerance to high-intensity exercise. And a systematic review of Rhodiola rosea found that participants experienced less pain and muscle damage post-training.

If you’re interested in purchasing these ingredients individually or only trying one, Care/of offers B12, chromium, and adaptogenic mushroom capsules.

Spirulina & Chlorella

With only two active ingredients, this is the most basic of the Total Human inclusions. Spirulina and chlorella are both nutrient-dense algae that have become popular ingredients in supplements. For instance, you’ll often see large quantities of spirulina and chlorella in many greens powders.

Spirulina is a blue-green algae that contains high amounts of protein, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids (a type of natural pigment and antioxidant), and essential fatty acids. And commercially-produced chlorella contains more vitamins and nutrients than other plant-derived foods, including folate, iron, and vitamins D and B12.

Additional research is needed on the potential benefits of both algae, but they may be able to support the immune system, reduce inflammation, and more.

Shroom TECH Immune

This Shroom TECH supplement is intended to support your immune system via a mushroom blend (Onnit Myco-Immune Blend) and a botanical one (Onnit Nutri-Immune Blend).

The star ingredient in the Onnit Myco-Immune Blend is the organic chaga. Studies suggest that this mushroom has benefits ranging from lowering LDL (“bad”) cholesterol to fighting cancer. However, most studies using chaga involve testing on mice or human cells, not actual humans. While chaga appears “promising,” as one study noted, we look forward to seeing how future tests on humans unfold before declaring it as beneficial as it may seem.

Similarly promising is the turmeric in the Onnit Nutri-Immune Blend. Most studies aren’t on turmeric but curcumin, the antioxidant that gives turmeric its yellow color. As with chaga, more research is needed, but some studies suggest that curcumin may act as an immunomodulatory agent that can enhance antibody responses. Others note that it could also have antimicrobial effects.

Additionally, the ginger and lemon peel appear to have immune-boosting properties.

New MOOD

This Total Human Night Pack supplement is designed to support your stress response and promote relaxation. It contains several individual ingredients and one blend, the Onnit Tranquility Blend.

Vitamin D (when your levels are low), niacin (at moderate doses), and vitamin B6 (at high doses) all have some research suggesting that supplementing may help with depression or anxiety. Unfortunately, the effective doses used in studies don’t match those found in New MOOD.

May help…Effective dose in researchDose in New MOOD
Vitamin DAnxiety1,600mg per day12.5mcg (0.0125mg)
NiacinDepression36mg per day15mg
Vitamin B6Depression and anxiety100mg per day10mg

The Onnit Tranquility Blend appears to be focused on relaxation and sleep. It comprises valerian root, chamomile, lemon balm, and jujube, all of which show promise as sleep aids in research. However, similar to the other ingredients in New MOOD, the effective doses don’t match up to those in the blend. For instance, 530mg-600mg of valerian was the amount found to help improve sleep quality in one study, but the entire Onnit Tranquility Blend is only 225mg.

The effects of Thorne’s one nighttime ingredient, Relora, were similar to those of New MOOD’s ingredients; in one study, it lowered salivary cortisol levels in treated subjects versus placebo and reduced feelings of overall stress, tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion.

ViruTech

ViruTech, similar to Shroom TECH Immune, is intended to support your immune system. If you’re curious about the difference between the two, Onnit clarifies this by stating, “Shroom TECH Immune is designed for daily immune support… On the flip side, ViruTech is what you should reach for if you are traveling or on any other occasion when you need an extra helping hand for an enhanced immune response.”

Interestingly, most of the ingredients in ViruTech are more commonly associated with immune system support than those in Shroom TECH Immune. The three individual components in ViruTech, all of which have long been known to play roles in immune system function, are:

  • Vitamin C
  • Zinc
  • Selenium

The three ingredients in the Onnit Vitality Blend also have some decent research backing their potential to support or boost immune system function.

L-Lysine

This essential amino acid is commonly supplemented as a way to potentially reduce outbreaks or symptoms of herpes simplex virus (HSV), though research is mixed on its effectiveness.

Quercetin dihydrate

Quercetin is an antioxidant flavonoid found in onions, grapes, berries, cherries, broccoli, and citrus fruits. Like all other antioxidants, this one can neutralize free radicals.

More research on humans is needed, but quercetin appears to possess an “anti-allergic immune response” in animal models — it seems to inhibit histamine release and eosinophil activity. Because of this, some researchers feel quercetin could be useful in treating asthma.

Alpha-lipoic acid

Not to be confused with alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant your body makes to help turn glucose into energy. Being an antioxidant, like quercetin, alpha-lipoic acid can help scavenge free radicals.

Most commonly, the effective dose of alpha-lipoic acid in studies is 600mg daily, but some studies use doses anywhere from 100mg to 1,800mg per day.

Key Minerals

This two-capsule supplement (that contains fish and shellfish) is meant to provide you with “all the core minerals your body needs but isn’t getting from diet alone.” The four minerals and one trace element in Key Minerals are:

  • Calcium
  • Iodine
  • Magnesium
  • Molybdenum
  • Boron

In the U.S., a large percentage of the population doesn’t meet the daily requirements for calcium (44.1%) or magnesium (52.2%). However, iodine, molybdenum, and boron deficiencies are rare. And with Key Minerals offering only 20% DV of calcium and 30% DV of magnesium, this supplement doesn’t feel like it’s providing quite enough.

Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite isn’t much better in this case, either. It offers less calcium (13%) and only a little more magnesium (40%). Care/of has a similarly dosed magnesium supplement, but its Calcium Plus offers 37% of your Daily Value, along with vitamin D3 for improved absorption.

Onnit Total Human pricing

Total Human is available in four different quantities, but, unfortunately, buying in bulk (60 or 90 days worth) doesn’t save you more than paying on a monthly basis. The chart below breaks down the costs.

One-time purchaseSubscription cost (15% off)Price per month (if bulk order)
7-day trial$39.95$33.96
30-day supply$137.95$117.26
60-day supply$275.90$234.52$137.95 or $117.26 with subscription
90-day supply$413.85$351.77$137.95 or $117.26 with subscription

Not seeing a bulk discount for Total Human is disappointing, but this isn’t that unusual for similar products. Out of our mentioned Total Human competitors, only Thorne offers a bulk discount of 20% on purchases of three items or more.

Onnit, Thorne, and Care/of all offer refunds while allowing you to try your supplements and see if the products actually work for you first. Out of these companies, Onnit has the most customer-friendly policy — it lets you keep your first purchase of a product and still receive your money back as long as you give it a fair shot (or at least hold on to the product for the required amount of time).

And each quantity of Total Human (except for the 7-day trial) puts you over the $100 requirement for free shipping. When one of our testers purchased the 7-day pack, they paid around $11 for shipping.

Onnit Total Human alternatives

Perhaps you’d prefer a more affordable daily vitamin, more customization options, or not having to take as many pills as Total Human requires. No matter the reason, if you’re interested in Total Human alternatives, we’ve put together some information on three of them below.

Thorne Multi-Vitamin Elite

Similar to Total Human, Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite comes divided into day and night doses, but it doesn’t have nearly as many unique inclusions, like adaptogens and nootropics. However, this product does deliver much more vitamin and mineral content, with a majority of them being at or above 100% Daily Value.

Even though Onnit describes Total Human as a kind of upgraded multivitamin, Thorne’s Multi-Vitamin Elite feels closer to that, while Total Human is more like a convenient way to get a boost to some of your essential nutrients along with additional herbal ingredients.

Thorne’s pricing can be a little confusing for Multi-Vitamin Elite — the company lists the cost as $70 for 180 capsules. This doesn’t mean you’ll be getting 180 days of supplements; both the day and the nighttime servings are three capsules. So, dividing that 180 by six gets you 30 days worth. This is much more affordable than Total Human’s $137.95 for the same number of doses.

Thorne also has a version of Multi-Vitamin Elite that’s NSF Certified for Sport ($74 for 180 capsules), meaning that, among other things, it’s tested for all 290 substances banned by major athletic organizations.

Care/of

Care/of offers a variety of vitamins and supplements that you can tailor to your unique wants and needs through a monthly vitamin pack subscription. The company has:

  • Individual letter vitamins
  • Multivitamins
  • Pre- and probiotics
  • Herbal supplements (such as Rhodiola, ashwagandha, garlic, and turmeric)
  • Minerals
  • Specialty supplements (like omega-3 fish oil, astaxanthin, and keratin)

Most pills are around $7-$9 for a month’s worth but can be as expensive as $19 per month.

The ability to pick and choose which supplements you want makes Care/of a great choice for those who either don’t want or don’t need everything in Total Human or all-in-one multivitamins. And we also like that Care/of offers some of the same specialty ingredients found in Total Human, like a mix of adaptogenic mushrooms (maitake, reishi, and shiitake).

Viome

If you’d prefer to leave the guessing behind and learn exactly what your body needs and how much of it, then Viome could be a good contender — especially if the price of Total Human wasn’t your biggest concern. Viome is a subscription service that costs about the same as if you made a non-subscription monthly purchase of Total Human, $139 per month. But that price drops down to $118.15 for your first six months if you use coupon code INNERBODY15.

When you sign up for Viome, the company ships you a Full Body Intelligence test, which requires you to send back a sample of your saliva, stool, and blood. These samples are what Viome uses to build a comprehensive report on what your unique daily supplement should be without any additional or unnecessary ingredients.

Unlike Onnit, Care/of, and Thorne, though, Viome doesn’t accept returns of its supplements. This makes sense due to the deep customization of each product, but it’s still something to keep in mind before making your purchase.

Onnit Total Human FAQ

97

Sources

Innerbody uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Dietary Supplement Use Among Adults: United States, 2017–2018. CDC.

  2. Drake, V. (2017). Micronutrient Inadequacies in the US Population: an Overview. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University.

  3. Yang, G., Wang, Y., Tian, J., & Liu, P. (2013). Huperzine A for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. PLoS ONE, 8(9).

  4. Maoka, T. (2020). Carotenoids as natural functional pigments. Journal of Natural Medicines, 74(1), 1-16.

  5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022). Mixing Medications and Dietary Supplements Can Endanger Your Health. FDA.

  6. National Kidney Foundation. (n.d.). Vitamins and Minerals in Chronic Kidney Disease. National Kidney Foundation.

  7. Asher, G., Corbett, A., & Hawke, R. (2017). Common Herbal Dietary Supplement–Drug Interactions. American Family Physician, 96(2), 101-107.

  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023). Facts About the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP). FDA.

  9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022). FDA 101: Dietary Supplements. FDA.

  10. Burke, L. M. (2017). Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(Suppl 1), 79-100.

  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). DNPAO Data, Trend and Maps - Category: Fruits and Vegetables. CDC.

  12. Bird, J. K., Murphy, R. A., Ciappio, E. D., & McBurney, M. I. (2017). Risk of Deficiency in Multiple Concurrent Micronutrients in Children and Adults in the United States. Nutrients, 9(7).

  13. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Multivitamin/mineral Supplements. NIH.

  14. White, C. (2021). Why Prescription Drugs Can Work Differently for Different People. UConn Today.

  15. Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Vitamin D Deficiency. Cleveland Clinic.

  16. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? NIH.

  17. Stojcheva, E. I., & Quintela, J. C. (2022). The Effectiveness of Rhodiola rosea L. Preparations in Alleviating Various Aspects of Life-Stress Symptoms and Stress-Induced Conditions—Encouraging Clinical Evidence. Molecules, 27(12).

  18. Mount Sinai. (n.d.). Valerian. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

  19. Talbott, S. M., Talbott, J. A., & Pugh, M. (2013). Effect of Magnolia officinalis and Phellodendron amurense (Relora) on cortisol and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10, 37.

  20. Anderson, E. (2019). Labels – Understanding ingredient labels. Michigan State University.

  21. Kołodziejska, B., Stępień, N., & Kolmas, J. (2021). The Influence of Strontium on Bone Tissue Metabolism and Its Application in Osteoporosis Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12).

  22. Rondanelli, M., Faliva, M. A., Peroni, G., Infantino, V., Gasparri, C., Iannello, G., Perna, S., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., & Tartara, A. (2020). Pivotal role of boron supplementation on bone health: A narrative review. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 62, 126577.

  23. Hamidi, M. S., Corey, P. N., & Cheung, A. M. (2012). Effects of vitamin E on bone turnover markers among US postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 27(6), 1368-1380.

  24. Michaëlsson, K., & Larsson, S. C. (2021). Circulating Alpha-Tocopherol Levels, Bone Mineral Density, and Fracture: Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients, 13(6).

  25. Chin, Y., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2014). The Effects of α-Tocopherol on Bone: A Double-Edged Sword? Nutrients, 6(4), 1424-1441.

  26. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin K. NIH.

  27. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Copper. NIH.

  28. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Manganese. NIH.

  29. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Potassium. NIH.

  30. Higdon, J. (2014). Vitamin B6. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University.

  31. Pal, M. M. (2021). Glutamate: The Master Neurotransmitter and Its Implications in Chronic Stress and Mood Disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15.

  32. Oulhaj, A., Refsum, H., Beaumont, H., Williams, J., King, E., Jacoby, R., & Smith, A. D. (2010). Homocysteine as a predictor of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(1), 82-90.

  33. Snow, A. D., Castillo, G. M., Nguyen, B. P., Choi, P. Y., Cummings, J. A., Cam, J., Hu, Q., Lake, T., Pan, W., Kastin, A. J., Kirschner, D. A., Wood, S. G., Rockenstein, E., Masliah, E., Lorimer, S., Tanzi, R. E., & Larsen, L. (2019). The Amazon rain forest plant Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) and its specific proanthocyanidin constituents are potent inhibitors and reducers of both brain plaques and tangles. Scientific Reports, 9.

  34. Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility: Evidence from proactive vs. Reactive control during task switching performance. Neuropsychologia, 69, 50-55.

  35. Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands—A review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 70, 50-57.

  36. Hidese, S., Ogawa, S., Ota, M., Ishida, I., Yasukawa, Z., Ozeki, M., & Kunugi, H. (2019). Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(10), 2362.

  37. Ma, X., Li, X., Wang, W., Zhang, M., Yang, B., & Miao, Z. (2022). Phosphatidylserine, inflammation, and central nervous system diseases. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14.

  38. Cleveland Clinic. (2023). Phosphatidylserine. Cleveland Clinic.

  39. Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781-786.

  40. Tamura, Y., Takata, K., Matsubara, K., & Kataoka, Y. (2021). Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Increases Motivation in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Study. Nutrients, 13(6).

  41. Walker, E., & Pellegrini, M. (2023). Bacopa monnieri. StatPearls Publishing.

  42. Kongkeaw, C., Dilokthornsakul, P., Thanarangsarit, P., Limpeanchob, N., & Norman Scholfield, C. (2014). Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 528-535.

  43. Bauer, B. (2017). Home Remedies: Can huperzine A treat Alzheimer’s disease? Mayo Clinic News Network.

  44. Ma, C., Teng, L., Lin, G., Guo, B., Zhuo, R., Qian, X., Guan, T., Wu, R., Liu, Y., & Liu, M. (2021). L-leucine promotes axonal outgrowth and regeneration via mTOR activation. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 35(5), e21526.

  45. Solomon, T. M., Leech, J., Murphy, C. A., Budson, A. E., Vassey, E. A., & Solomon, P. R. (2016). A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, efficacy study of alpha BRAIN administered orally. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 31(2), 135-143.

  46. Barringer, N., Crombie, A., & Kotwal, R. (2018). Impact of a purported nootropic supplementation on measures of mood, stress, and marksmanship performance in U.S. Active duty soldiers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15.

  47. Fassett, R. G., & Coombes, J. S. (2011). Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease. Marine Drugs, 9(3), 447-465.

  48. Katagiri, M., Satoh, A., Tsuji, S., & Shirasawa, T. (2012). Effects of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract on cognitive function: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 51(2), 102-107.

  49. Klingel, S. L., Metherel, A. H., Irfan, M., Rajna, A., Chabowski, A., Bazinet, R. P., & Mutch, D. M. (2019). EPA and DHA have divergent effects on serum triglycerides and lipogenesis, but similar effects on lipoprotein lipase activity: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(6), 1502-1509.

  50. Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., & Beilin, L. J. (1999). Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension, 34(2), 253–260.

  51. Bradbury, J. (2011). Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): An Ancient Nutrient for the Modern Human Brain. Nutrients, 3(5), 529-554.

  52. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Thiamin. NIH.

  53. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Riboflavin. NIH.

  54. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Folate. NIH.

  55. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Biotin. NIH.

  56. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Pantothenic Acid. NIH.

  57. Balakumar, P., Rohilla, A., Krishan, P., Solairaj, P., & Thangathirupathi, A. (2010). The multifaceted therapeutic potential of benfotiamine. Pharmacological Research, 61(6), 482-488.

  58. Bozic, I., & Lavrnja, I. (2023). Thiamine and benfotiamine: Focus on their therapeutic potential. Heliyon, 9(11).

  59. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamin B12. NIH.

  60. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Chromium. NIH.

  61. Chen, S., Li, Z., Krochmal, R., Abrazado, M., Kim, W., & Cooper, C. B. (2010). Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on Exercise Performance in Healthy Older Subjects: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(5), 585-590.

  62. Hirsch, K. R., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Roelofs, E. J., Trexler, E. T., & Mock, M. G. (2017). Cordyceps militaris improves tolerance to high intensity exercise after acute and chronic supplementation. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 14(1), 42.

  63. Lu, Y., Deng, B., Xu, L., Liu, H., Song, Y., & Lin, F. (2022). Effects of Rhodiola Rosea Supplementation on Exercise and Sport: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9.

  64. Vo, T., Ngo, D., & Kim, S. (2015). Nutritional and Pharmaceutical Properties of Microalgal Spirulina. Handbook of Marine Microalgae, 299-308.

  65. Bito, T., Okumura, E., Fujishima, M., & Watanabe, F. (2020). Potential of Chlorella as a Dietary Supplement to Promote Human Health. Nutrients, 12(9).

  66. Machado, L., Carvalho, G., & Pereira, R. N. (2022). Effects of Innovative Processing Methods on Microalgae Cell Wall: Prospects towards Digestibility of Protein-Rich Biomass. Biomass, 2(2), 80-102.

  67. Mount Sinai. (n.d.). Fibromyalgia. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

  68. Yang, M., Hu, D., Cui, Z., Li, H., Man, C., & Jiang, Y. (2021). Lipid-Lowering Effects of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide In Vivo and In Vitro. Foods, 10(12).

  69. Géry, A., Dubreule, C., André, V., Rioult, P., Bouchart, V., Heutte, N., Krivomaz, T., & Garon, D. (2018). Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), a Future Potential Medicinal Fungus in Oncology? A Chemical Study and a Comparison of the Cytotoxicity Against Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (A549) and Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (BEAS-2B). Integrative Cancer Therapies, 17(3), 832-843.

  70. Eid, J. I., Al-Tuwaijri, M. M., Mohanty, S., & Das, B. (2021). Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) polysaccharides exhibit genoprotective effects in UVB-exposed embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) through coordinated expression of DNA repair genes. Heliyon, 7(2).

  71. Mount Sinai. (n.d.). Turmeric. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

  72. Jagetia, G. C., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2007). "Spicing up" of the immune system by curcumin. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 27(1), 19–35.

  73. Allegra, A., Mirabile, G., Ettari, R., Pioggia, G., & Gangemi, S. (2022). The Impact of Curcumin on Immune Response: An Immunomodulatory Strategy to Treat Sepsis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(23).

  74. Cleveland Clinic.(2022). 6 Ginger Shot Benefits. Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials.

  75. Ding, S., Jiang, H., & Fang, J. (2018). Regulation of Immune Function by Polyphenols. Journal of Immunology Research, 2018.

  76. Zhu, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Lin, Y., Yu, J., Xia, Q., & Zhu, P. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation improves anxiety but not depression symptoms in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Brain and Behavior, 10(11).

  77. Tian, S., Wu, L., Zheng, H., Zhong, X., Liu, M., Yu, X., & Wu, W. (2023). Dietary niacin intake in relation to depression among adults: A population-based study. BMC Psychiatry, 23.

  78. Field, D. T., Cracknell, R. O., Eastwood, J. R., Scarfe, P., Williams, C. M., Zheng, Y., & Tavassoli, T. (2022). High‐dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Human Psychopharmacology, 37(6).

  79. Tammadon, M. R., Nobahar, M., Hydarinia-Naieni, Z., Ebrahimian, A., Ghorbani, R., & Vafaei, A. A. (2021). The Effects of Valerian on Sleep Quality, Depression, and State Anxiety in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Clinical Trial. Oman Medical Journal, 36(2), e255.

  80. Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895.

  81. Mount Sinai. (n.d.). Lemon balm. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

  82. Cleveland Clinic.(2023). What We Know (and Don’t Yet Know) About Jujube Fruit’s Benefits. Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials.

  83. Moore, A., & Khanna, D. (2023). The Role of Vitamin C in Human Immunity and Its Treatment Potential Against COVID-19: A Review Article. Cureus, 15(1).

  84. Prasad, A. S. (2008). Zinc in Human Health: Effect of Zinc on Immune Cells. Molecular Medicine, 14(5-6), 353-357.

  85. Huang, Z., Rose, A. H., & Hoffmann, P. R. (2012). The Role of Selenium in Inflammation and Immunity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 16(7), 705-743.

  86. Mount Sinai. (n.d.). Lysine. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

  87. Anand David, A. V., Arulmoli, R., & Parasuraman, S. (2016). Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 84-89.

  88. National Cancer Institute. (2017). Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention. NIH.

  89. Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Skrovankova, S., & Sochor, J. (2016). Quercetin and Its Anti-Allergic Immune Response. Molecules, 21(5).

  90. Mount Sinai. (n.d.). Alpha-lipoic acid. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

  91. Rochette, L., & Ghibu, S. (2021). Mechanics Insights of Alpha-Lipoic Acid against Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19 Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(15).

  92. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Iodine. NIH.

  93. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Molybdenum. NIH.

  94. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Boron. NIH.

  95. Khazai, N., Judd, S. E., & Tangpricha, V. (2008). Calcium and Vitamin D: Skeletal and Extraskeletal Health. Current Rheumatology Reports, 10(2), 110.

  96. Cleveland Clinic.(2023). Fat-Soluble Vitamins: What They Are and How To Get the Most Out of Them. Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials.

  97. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2023). Ashwagandha. NCCIH.